The Sisa Syndrome and the Filipino Colonial Mentality Essay Example For Students

The Sisa Syndrome and the Filipino Colonial Mentality Essay The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression by Ricky Rivera Dr. Jose Rizal in his novel Noli me Tangere tells of Sisa, a woman who fell into a very deep depression when she lost her two sons. Sisa went around town looking for them. She knows that a priest killed her two sons but she never saw how and never resolved to herself why. Many think that this is something of a fictionalized narrative of the status of our country during Rizal’s time. If you read and study why Rizal included this scene in his novel, you will definitely think that Sisa alludes to our country, an image he conjured to reflect the Motherland. We will write a custom essay on The Sisa Syndrome and the Filipino Colonial Mentality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now And she was. Rizal really meant Sisa to be the true image of our country under colonization. It is worth remembering though that Sisa’s quest for her two sons continued until today. Later, in this short story, I will tell you why I think Rizal wrote about Sisa and its significance in our present situation. I often ask myself why some Filipinos find it extremely hard to stay in our country. According to the Bureau of Immigration, at least 3,000 Filipinos leave the Philippines every single day. That’s 90,000 month, a million a year, and 10 million in ten. Most of these Filipinos leave due to economic reasons. And every Filipino who leaves his homeland is one less Filipino who can help rebuild this country. A report says that â€Å"this country holds a snap election every day. Men and women vote with their feet daily to search for better futures abroad. † The Filipino diaspora is not a recent phenomenon. A study by the Philippine Migrant Society of Canada says that Filipinos started leaving the country for â€Å"greener pastures† in the early 1900s. A larger number of Filipino professionals moved to other countries in the 1950’s and continued to balloon up until the 1960’s. During Martial law, the Overseas Filipino Worker phenomenon started to increase, attracting not just Filipino professionals but skilled and unskilled workers. â€Å"The history of Filipino migration†, says the PMSC, â€Å".. is a product of extreme poverty, underdevelopment and joblessness in the country. † Labor migration is a socio-economic reality, one that even prosperous countries suffer from. What I am concerned here is the rising numbers of Filipinos who migrate and uproot every single member of their family to permanently live in other countries. A national survey by Pulse Asia in 2006, says three out of ten Filipinos dream of living abroad†¦permanently. Interest in living abroad is not just confined with adults. Filipino children surveyed by Pulse Asia shows 47% of Filipino children with ages ranging from 10 to 12 say they wished to work abroad someday. Sixty percent of children of overseas foreign workers said they had plans to work abroad. As of December 2004, some 3. 2 million Filipinos reside in different countries as permanent settlers while 3. 6 million as temporary labor migrants. Another 1. 3 million migrants are in different countries, mostly in unauthorized situation in the United States and Malaysia. A study shows an increasing trend of Filipinos, about 28%, leaving for abroad to marry. This explains why our Potential Net Migration Index (PNMI) is a negative 22%, similar with Iran and just a tad lower than Yemen (-23%) and El Salvador (-45), countries which are more politically distressed than us. What is it that attracts Filipinos to go someplace else to live? Why is it that Filipinos feel that their future lays elsewhere? What’s so different with the Philippines than, say, the United States? Many things, someone would definitely say. The United States is more prosperous than the Philippines. Americans have equal economic rights that allow the individual to live in prosperity and relative peace. Other countries have better laws, another Filipino says. Some would even say that governments in other countries are better than ours. Is this the truth? Are these really the true reasons why Filipinos leave? Compare our country with others, and you’ll find that the Philippines ranks far better than those countries. Ask a German or a Canadian where he likes to retire and he would definitely say, â€Å"Philippines! † without battling an eyelash. Those Ricky Rivera is a former lecturer at the University of the Philippines and Dela Salle University. He is a prolific plogger or a political blogger. This article is an excerpt from his the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History†. He lectures every so often on Communications, Public Relations and Marketing. He wrote this after learning that one of his friends, a former great student leader, is now living abroad. The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression ho already lived in Europe, particularly in London, would relish living in a hut somewhere here than suffer from the harsh weather of that cosmopolitan city. Our country lies in the tropics. Our weather is far better than the bitter, cold and icy Canadian weather. And how do our lands fare in the natural aesthetics department? We are definitely among th e most beautiful in the world. We have wonderful coastlines full of pristine immaculate sand. Nothing compares with our Boracays, our Palawans and our Guimaras. Wonderful mountains adorn our countrysides, filled with beautiful sights, such as rivers, lakes and streams. We probably are not included in Yahoo! s 10 Most beautiful countries in the world, but we sure are one of the world’s best twenty. Yes, we are sited in one of the world’s most dangerous quake belts but our 6 or 7 magnitude quakes pale in comparison with those that strike Indonesia every single year or those in Mexico and even in the United States. Our typhoons are wimps compared with those cyclones and hurricanes which inflict harm upon Americans every single year. The only difference is that other nationalities enjoy a far excellent governmental service than what we have. Despite this, Filipinos, according to a study, are happy with what they have. According to the 2009 Happy Planet Index (HPI) published by the New Economics Foundation, the Philippines is the 14th happiest place in the world, up 3 places from 2008’s 17th place ranking. The HPI index measures happiness combining life satisfaction, life expectancy and environmental footprint — the amount of land required to sustain the population and absorb its energy consumption. Costa Rica is the happiest place in the world, followed by Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Guatemala, Vietnam, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Brazil and Honduras. In 2010, Forbes conducted another survey. Gallup poll shows the Philippines ranked 94th happiest place in the world, still far better than India or China. Malaysia, where most Filipinos go to work, is just a spot higher than us. The survey is a telling one. Only 18% of Filipinos suffer from unhappiness. And the same number of people, about 68% struggles, the same case with Saudi Arabia, a country with most Overseas Filipino Workers. Singapore, despite being three spots higher than us, have a huge number of people struggling, with 75% of their people saying they are struggling in their daily lives to be appy. In terms of having a very good â€Å"subjective well-being†, the Philippines ranks a good 30th standing. Most Filipinos go to Taiwan, which ranks 31 and Japan a poor 39th. Italy, where many Filipinos aspire to work and live, is ranked 35th. Our former colonizer, Spain, is three ranks lower than us. Compared with other countries, we, Filipinos, are happier than them and liv e in relative good life and have better well-being. This is what I really don’t understand. If we say we are happy where we are, and our well-being is far better than other countries, then, why do we still leave? Why do many of us still think that a better future lies elsewhere than here? The Enigma Is it an enigma that we feel so bad when the fact of the matter is, we really are blessed with so many wonderful things around us? That grayish and decaying landscape that is Manila, is not the entire country. No. Go out and explore Luzon, just this island, and you’ll find that there are more extremely wonderful things here than, say, Singapore. Singapore does not have a range of mountains we call Sierra Madre, nor do Singaporeans enjoy paradise-like islands such as Puerto Galera. Yes, they have their Sentosa, but as everyone knows, that reclaimed island is not real. Those rocks which you see there are all concrete and those sands are exports from, tadah, the Philippines. Everyone knows that we are a blessed people. But, why is it that most of us want to leave and even consider this precious pearl in the orient as a hellish nightmare? Some scholars think that what we are feeling, the state of our condition, lies in our inability to appreciate the finer things in our lives. We always feel inferior to others. We always look at other countries’ situation as something better than ours. These are indications of depression. What is the root of our depression? Scholars say we suffer from this malady called â€Å"Colonial mentality. † The Root Cause of our Depression Colonial mentality is not just a predilection in thing foreign. No. Colonial mentality refers to what analysts say as â€Å"institutionalized or systematic feelings of inferiority within some societies or peoples who have been subjected to colonialism. â€Å" The concept, according to scholars, refers to the acceptance by the colonized of the culture or mores or even doctrine of he colonizer, as intrinsically more worthy or superior than theirs. â€Å" The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression Colonial mentality is the chain that enslaves us Filipinos. It is not imperialism that gnaws our self-image. No. It is this mental state or condition called colonial mentality that continually oppresses us and makes us feel far inferior from other nationalities or races. David and Okazaki (2006a) conceptualized colonial mentality as a form of internalized oppression, characterized by a perception of ethnic or cultural inferiority, believed to be a consequence of centuries of colonization under Spain and the United States. Their study among Filipino-Americans is telling. It shows that this involves an automatic and uncritical rejection of anything Filipino and an automatic and uncritical preference to anything foreign. The study also shows this mental condition, affects every single Filipino’s self-image and self-esteem. It manifests in how Filipinos denigrate his own self, his culture and body, discriminates against less Americanized Filipinos and tolerance and acceptance of historical and contemporary oppression of Filipinos and Filipino Americans (David and Okazaki, 2006). A survey of over 600 Filipino Americans shows that one out of three or about 30% exhibit some form of Colonial mentality. David and Okazaki found that these Filipinos feel either inferior of their ethnicity and culture, feel ashamed and embarrassed of their ethnicity or culture or tend to feel indebted toward their part and present colonizers or oppressors. Empirical research shows that those who have Colonial mentality have significantly lower personal self-esteem than those without. Those who have colonial mentality have higher depression levels than Filipinos without colonial mentality. Is there something to be ashamed about our country? Those who show indications of CM says that they feel ashamed of some of the things that happened or is happening in their countries. A trans-national study however shows that Filipinos are sixth from the bottom of those with something in the country to feel ashamed about. Social Weather Stations (SWS) found that only 42% of Filipinos agree that there is something to be ashamed of their country, compared with 28% who either agreed or disagreed and a far less number (27%) says nothing is shameful about the Philippines. SWS discovered that the huge bulk of those who feel ashamed about our country resides in Metro Manila (52%) and the Visayas (50%) than in the rest of Luzon (39%) and Mindanao (35%). Most Filipinos who belonged to the middle to upper ABC (58%) feel ashamed compared with the masa (40%) and the very poor (42%). .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .postImageUrl , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:hover , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:visited , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:active { border:0!important; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:active , .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a7ff294ced82745778e5c74509c18fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Build a Fire: Theme EssayCuriously, the more educated you are, the more you feel ashamed of yourself as a Filipino. Fifty three percent of college graduates say they are ashamed of their country, compared with 33% among elementary dropouts, 35% among high school dropouts and 46% among high school graduates. This, however, contradicts with a 2003 ISSP survey on national identity. Eighty three percent of Filipinos felt very proud of their race, and only one percent feels not proud at all. Our pride as a Filipino was second highest among 33 countries, topped only by Venezuela’s 92, and three percent higher than the United States (80%) and others. We Filipinos are proud about our achievements in sports (84%), history (82%), arts and literature (78%), armed forces (57%), scientific and technological achievements (80%), the way democracy works (54%) and the fair and equal treatment of all groups in society (51%). On the other hand, we feel less proud on our economic achievements (47%), social security system (45%) and our political influence in the world (36%). So if eighty percent of us are proud of being Pinoys, with some, 40 plus percent feeling ashamed of some of the things which happens to us, why is it that there is still a big proportion of our population who dreams of living and staying permanently in some other country? Colonial Mentality: Social-wide Stockholm syndrome One possible explanation is the effects education and media has to us, as Filipinos. Look at the SWS study—the more educated a Filipino is, the more he shows or feels ashamed of his racial roots. The reason is obvious. His education is patterned after Western models. Obviously, his standards of everything are based also on Western ones. Media also shows images of prosperous countries, of cosmopolitan cities and of the perceived relative stability and progress other countries, particularly those in the West. These images are imbedded into our sub-conscious minds. These affects our preferences, our choices. These images create a sub-conscious and often, emotional link (Poiesz, 1989, p. 461). As we continually expose ourselves to these images, we then form an opinion or a perception that our situation is worse than others. When certain situations such as a bungled police operation or when government acts contrary to popular perception, we feel ashamed and angry with our government. We often perceive that our governmental system is much more inferior to others. Memmi (1965), Fanon (1965) and Freire (1970) theorized that a salient effect of colonization is the internalization of the inferior perception imposed on the colonized by the colonizer. Such in- â€Å" The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression ternalization may lead to feelings of inferiority about oneself and one’s ethnic or cultural group. Feelings of shame, embarrassment or resentment normally follow; then outright rejection of one’s self. This explains Filipino preference to products from the United States, Europe and even, Asian. It extends even to Filipino perceptions on his own skin, being brown than white. Colonial mentality-driven preferences apply, but are not limited to, culture or lifestyle, physical characteristics, socio-economic opportunities, language, material products and leadership or government. Bergano Bergano-Kinney, 1997, p. 202). Even the use of language exhibits signs of colonial mentality. Strobel (1997) says that some colonized peoples ridicule or resent others who belong in their ethnic group who does not know how to speak, read and write English which they perceive as the â€Å"universal norm and marker of intelligence. † An individual who already assimilated or encultured himself with the colonizer’s cultural norms, and is already convinced or programmed to think that the colonizer’s is superior to his, the colonized begins to view the colonizer in a positive light. Memmi and Rimonte referred to this as â€Å"colonial debt†. Such a belief might lead to the normalization of the maltreatments such as discrimination from the dominant group, since such maltreatments might be perceived as the natural costs for progress or civilization, a perceived price one has to pay in order to become as much as like the dominant group as possible (Memmi, 1965). Why Rizal did used Sisa as someone representative of the Motherland? For a good reason, I think. Sisa represents every single Filipino who believes in the superiority of the colonizer’s system, particularly of education. Rizal pictured Sisa as the Motherland who sent her sons to learn more about the colonizer’s culture and education, only to get killed in the process. Like two of Sisa’s sons, most of us, Filipinos go to different lands in search of greener pastures. We assume different personalities when we are abroad. Like programmed robots, we think that everything foreign is good, and life is better in some country than in our own. We are lost in enculturation, that we believe everything is better there than here. Our minds have been programmed to accept everything foreign as something good, benevolent and better than ours. Just like Basilio and Crispin, we think that education is the best answer to our poverty. A diploma from a university or college is something of a dream since we hope to transform this diploma into a visa someday. From that very minute that Sisa gave his two sons to that priest, she already lost them. The priest maltreated and eventually killed one of her sons. This is an allusion to how colonial mentality kills some of us. Desirous for a better life, we succumb to the wiles of our colonizer, suffering even maltreatment, yet thinking that this is just a consequence, a â€Å"price to pay† so to speak, of a better life. We accept the norms and culture and lifestyle of our colonizer, only to pay for our life in exchange. Like Sisa’s sons, we also lost our identities, our â€Å"who we are†. We sacrificed our self-worth, our self-image, just to become at par with our colonizers. We tried to assimilate ourselves with our colonizer’s systems, only to realize later that doing so, we gave not just our minds, but our very souls to the colonizer. This â€Å"Sisa Syndrome† infects every Filipina mother who allows her sons to dream of working and living abroad. Fact is, this syndrome affects every single one of us who thinks that we are an inferior race. That we fare far worse than others. That everything here is worthless. Sisa reflects our collective sigh, our collective depression caused by colonial mentality. We think that Malaysians live far better than us that’s why many of us migrate there. We think Saudis live far better lives than us that’s why despite the insufferable heat, most of us desire to work there. We believe Americans have far better lives than us, that’s why despite some Americans going here to work, most of us scamper to the nearest U. S. embassy just The Allusion of Sisa Going back to what I wrote at the start of this paper. I used Sisa as a vehicle for us to further understand our present situation. I told you that Rizal used Sisa to show the colonized status of our country during the Spanish times. If you still remember your Noli me Tangere, Sisa was once a sane woman. She was mother to two fine sons and an unfortunate wife of a brute. Like a lady of those times, Sisa suffered while she was with her husband. She was being maltreated. Despite her sorry state, Sisa never thought of leaving her husband, for fear of being cursed by God. Divorce was never an option back in 18th century Philippines. Catholicism has taken a decisive root in Philippine society that divorce is a sin and domestic violence is to be taken as part of married life. Anyway, to make the story short, Sisa sent her two sons to a priest to study. Being poor, Sisa thought that her sons would make good acolytes. Acolytes enjoy food and education from the church. It was only when she learned of the deaths of her sons that she lost all her faith and all her confidence not just to her religion but to life as well. The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression to get that visa. from Philippine forests and mountains. Filipino hands made those excellent cuisines now being enjoyed by the world’s rich and uber famous. Some of the world’s greatest chefs are Pinoys, while mo st of the hotel staff of top 5 and 6-star hotels around the world are Pinoys. The world is slowly warming up with the Filipino’s version of the adobo and chicken tinola. Filipino cuisines are starting to dominate the world’s kitchens, with uniquely Pinoy creations being served at millions of homes around the globe. We eat potato chips and pizzas uniquely modified to suit Filipino tastes. We salivate at Filipino fruits, like mangos and durians. We lavish ourselves from the products from our seas and oceans. We enjoy every morsel of rice which came from our fields. When the world goes to work, they ride on modern cars powered by Filipino minds and ingenuity. Filipino hands and intellect power the world’s greatest cars. Pinoy engineers now design the most sophisticated machines inside our Ferraris, BMWs, Chryslers and Mercedes Benz. From the headlights down to the suspensions and wheels, there is some speck of Filipino there for the entire world to appreciate. Fact is, those modern designs we now see in our cars, even if it’s a Toyota or a Mitsubishi, are mostly inventions by Filipino car designers. Whatever the world sees in classrooms or in their work stations, chances are, there is at least one made or invented by a Filipino. You’ll find a Filipino in the top universities in the world, pitting his brains against some of the world’s best. Nowadays, it’s entirely common to hear a Filipino graduate from Harvard or Oxford. Ivy League schools in the United States are full of Filipinos; same goes to the top European institutions. We have some Filipinos graduating at the top of their classes in the US military academy and commanding battalions as officers of the world’s greatest army. And we have great Filipino academicians teaching the world’s business titans how to run their companies. We have Filipinos at NASA and Pinoy scientists over at BERN. We see Filipinos tinkering with sophisticated technologies in Japan, the United States and Europe. Filipinos are also working as inventors of newer technologies. Those who don’t know must know that Filipinos are also active in the fields of bio-technology, neuroscience, and information technology. We have bio-engineers who are now involved in developing creative and useful technologies for the rest of the world to use and enjoy. Those laptops we now currently enjoy have Filipino intellect invested into it. The very chips that power those personal computers, IPods and IPods are proudly Filipino made. From the sands of this great country comes silica, the prime component of elec- The antidote for our colonial mentality There is a cure from this Sisa syndrome, and that is, the acceptance of our present situation. Accepting who we really are, and why we are economically underdeveloped than others is the first definitive step. History is also another vehicle for us to further understand our situation and to allow ourselves to accept our present condition. We start by recognizing that we are descendants of a proud race. That we were once a glorious people who once conquered the ancient world with our talents, our trade, and our goods. We continually conquer the world with our excellent personal traits, our inventions, our discoveries and our intelligence. As what Atty. Alex Lacson wrote in his piece, â€Å" The Filipino Today†, the Filipino mind is the greatest asset in the world today. This is not something invented purely by a nationalistic mind. This is a fact recognized even by the international community. We, Filipinos, are the World’s Greatest Assets. Look around you, and you’ll realize that everything you see are wondrous works of Filipino creation. Travel abroad, and expect to find at least one Filipino bravely holding himself up before the rest of the world. .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .postImageUrl , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:hover , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:visited , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:active { border:0!important; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:active , .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60fb7706a02eb3ae91bdcb93358eaf9c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lessons in an inspector Calls EssayLook at the tee-shirts you’re wearing, and you’ll find that even its threads are probably Pinoy and even if its â€Å"Made in China† or â€Å"Made in the USA†, chances are one of those who sewed it and made it the best tee-shirt in the world is a Filipino. When the world wakes up every morning, they use a product that is Filipino made. The bed they lie on, the soft and nice pillows they rest their heads on and even those comforters they wrap their bodies to keep warm, at least one Filipino invested his time and skills to make it. When the world rise from their beds, and put on those slippers, at least a billion wears those made from the Philippines. They go to their comfort rooms and brush their teeth and probably not just a billion feels great using toothpaste and a toothbrush made by Filipinos. They clean themselves up using soaps which probably came from a factory somewhere in Laguna or in Subic. And they wash their hair using shampoos promoted by top Filipino marketing managers and professionals. They go to their dinner tables and chances are, they’ll find at least one Pinoy product there. They use cutlery which material probably comes from the ore mines of the Philippines. The very wood or steel that makes up their dinner tables are materials harvested The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression tronic chips. And from the ore mines of Zambales and Mindanao comes forth copper and other minerals which the world uses in manufacturing electronic ga dgets and wires. What’s important is we Filipinos invest our minds in transforming those tiny sands into chips that power human civilization. We have young Pinoys like Brian Quebengco who spearheads Inovent, a young startup company that invented the world’s first interactive television. Despite working with meager resources, Quebengco and his gang of Innoventors are on the verge of unveiling this television which will revolutionize the way the world watches TV. We build great ships that sail the world’s oceans and seas. Our Filipino brothers and sisters are captains in some of the world’s biggest oil tankers. Filipinos also dominate the world’s skies as the most sought-after commercial and training pilots in some of the top airlines in the world. When the world’s businessmen enter hotels, they are welcomed by Pinoys. When they rest in those comfy beds, a Filipino attends to their needs. When someone enjoys a cool daiquiri in an Ibizainspired pool in some resort, a Filipino probably made it for him. Those warm meals served are Filipino made. When they leave their hotels or resorts, a Filipino gives them his most precious and warm smile to enliven them. Surely, millions of them when they arrive home, a Filipino will be there to arrange their meals and iron their clothes. Some Filipinos command great armies of workers around the world. They serve as managers, supervisors and field commanders in some of the world’s top manufacturing companies. In the Middle East, most of those who work to harvest that black gold are Filipino engineers. While those fields of gold in the United States, South America, Asia and Europe are being attended to by hardworking Filipino workers. Even our oceans are populated by Filipinos either as sailors or captains, or in some places, Filipinos are themselves commercial fishermen. The world listens to Pinoy music millions of times in a day. Charice Pempengco tops the pop charts in the US every single week. Pinoy crooners spread the message of love in most of the world’s radios and video karaoke bars. Pinoy bands enliven the club scene not just in Asia, but even in Las Vegas, the world’s premier entertainment site. We are in the top opera houses, the top orchestras, the top rock bands and even in carnivals and festivals around the world. Our dancers enchant the world every single day in most of the world’s great stages. We see Pinoy art bringing joy to millions, and Pinoy writers weaving words into art in advertising copies around the world. We enjoy a Mickey Mouse drawn by a Filipino animator and an almost realistic Spider-man or a Superman flying over rooftops and skyscrapers made by a Filipino computer animator. Some of the world’s top comic’s characters came alive from a Filipino sketch book, while the creepiest villains and admirable heroes spring forth from the mind of another Pinoy. Those games we enjoy in our PS3’s, Nintendo and PC games are most likely produced and inspired by Filipino game creators and animators. Even some cell phone games are Pinoy inventions. Pinoys even dominate the martial arts world, what with Pinoys competing in URCC and in wrestling matches. We see a Pinoy making history as the most multi-titled pugilist in world boxing history. We have a Pinoy legend in billiards, another one in professional bowling. Someday, Filipinos will dominate fencing, wushu, amateur wrestling, swimming, even football. Even at the world political scene, Filipino diplomats stand toeto-toe with the world’s greatest minds. We are considered the world’s best in diplomatic circles. The first United Nations head is a Pinoy. The first ever Asian to head the International Labor Organization is a Bulakeno. And most staffers of the United Nations are Filipinos. It is most unfortunate though that despite all of these, we have a government that is as corrupt, as chaotic and as direction-less as an African or South American government. Yes, we are critical players in stabilizing the world, yet, we are as destabilized in our own country. We give order in the world, yet, in our own soil, we are as disorderly and disorganized as some petty state in an obscure place in the world. Our compatriots abroad distinguished themselves as the best law-abiding citizens, yet, in our own country, most of us distinguish ourselves as one of the world’s dirtiest and the most despicable thrashers in history. We spread and give light to human civilization, yet, our country is still under a state of extreme darkness. It is time for Filipinos to serve and be assets in their own birthplace. It is time for Filipinos to share their talents and transform this country and make it the best in the world. There is nothing, oh, nothing that can prevent us from achieving what we want. We have proven time and again that if we only pool our acts together, and use these bountiful resources in our midst, we can achieve what others thought impossible. Our country stands at the crossroads. One road leads to greatness while the other, perdition. That road to greatness is fraught with dangers and sufferings. While the other, is as easy as crossing the street, yet the end of it, damnation. The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author The Sisa Syndrome and the Antidote to Our Depression As we usher a new day under a new administration, let us seize the moment and make a new page in our history. Let us erase those painful memories of an evil past and try to create a bet ter one through unity of our minds. There is nothing, oh nothing that can prevent a united Nation from achieving greatness. If we all work together and think that greatness is just an arm’s length away, nothing is impossible. Blot out all negative thoughts and focus at the great task at hand— rebuild this country from the ground up and establish a Nation that is the best in the world. We are the creators of our future. We are the creators of our own greatness. We are great when we think and believe that we are great. When 90 million Filipinos think great every single day, we will achieve what no other country ever didpropel this nation to First World status by six years. We can do it. We can achieve what we want—a better quality of life for all Filipinos. Let us all be engineers of our great future. Let us all be part of this great enterprise of nation-building. Let us share this vision to everyone who wants nothing but a better future for himself, for his family and for his successors. Look around you, and you’ll see a very promising landscape. Just go to Makati and Pasay, and you’ll see the Marriott group of hotels near one of our international airports. Try to go to Ayala and you’ll find a Raffles hotel being built beside Landmark. Go out of Metro Manila and you’ll find great resorts and hotels being established. Check out our new airports, and bridges and roads. These are infrastructures of our future. Even look at yourself in the mirror and you’ll find that there is something new, something dynamic, something promising in you that is worth sharing with other Filipinos. Find that new thing within you and spread it around. Instead of just being a passive observer, be an intellectual entrepreneur. Spread that new thinking, your intellectual invention with other Filipinos and within a short period of time, you’ll be the leader of a great enterprise. Look around you, and you’ll see a silent revolution, the entrepreneurial revolt, spreading in every direction, in every nook and ranny of the Metropolis and even in the remotest barangays throughout this great nation. From thinking of just being laborers and employees, a great majority of Filipinos are transforming themselves into entrepreneurs. Yes, we are emerging into an entrepreneur’s hub in Asia. What’s great, I sense that a great social infrastructure is slowly emerging from the loins of the Filipin o masses. This infrastructure is Pinoy bayanihan, the realization that every one is a patriot in his own right, and the recognition that, as a Patriot, he is a substantive part in that human infrastructure. The Sisa Sydrome and the Root of Our Depression† an excerpt from the book, â€Å" Bagong Istorya: Great Stories in Philippine History† by the same author We are slowly transcending the old philosophical world-view of individual-centric, into mass or social-centric. This is made possible by an infusion of new thinking. This new thinking is slowly permeating the public sphere and infecting every one! The new thinking is information-driven, and being exchanged every second. This is the new promise, the new Hope, the new Future! Let the new administration nurture this and serve as a guide. Guide us towards greatness. Be an example of greatness and the rest of the country will rise up and follow. Rise up, o Motherland! Rise up from centuries of lethargy and be inspired by the work of your Patriotic sons and daughters! There is a great enterprise rising over the horizon of despair. A new Sun has taken over the darkness. A new race of Filipinos are taking over. Let the millions of Filipino patriots seize this moment, create a new page in History and build a great Nation from the ashes of disbelief and despair. Time to re-build this Nation from the ground up! Time to create a Golden age where Filipinos are once again proud of their heritage and of their race! We are Filipinos and we are great. Notes 1. http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/ view/20100820-287921/Policy-lockjaw 2. http://www. bworldonline. com/Research/populareconomics. php? id=0102 3. http://www. migrationinformation. org/USFocus/display. cfm? ID=364 4. http://www. forbes. com/2010/07/14/world-happiest-countrieslifestyle-realestate-gallup-table. html 5. Ronald Inglehart et al. (eds. ) HUMAN BELIEFS AND

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Deux femmes homosexuelles vivent sous un pacte soc Essays Deux femmes homosexuelles vivent sous un pacte social de solidarite, l'une d'entre elles accouche de deux enfants, elle les reconnait alors, chose que le pere ne fera pas. Suite a cela, la partenaire de la mere biologique demande l'adoption simple des enfants avec le consentement de la genitrice. La cour d'appel de Paris, dans un arret du 6 mai 2004 a rejete la demande d'adoption de cette derniere. Elle considere, en effet, que cette adoption n'est pas conforme a l'interet des enfants dans la mesure ou leur mere serait privee de l'autorite parentale. La demanderesse forme alors un pourvoi en cassation sur le moyen que la creation d'une double filiation entre deux personnes vivant au foyer familiale, participant a l'entretien et l'education des enfants et uni par un pacte de solidarite civil est conforme a l'interet de la progeniture. Elle soutien egalement que le double lien de filiation cree par l'adoption simple justifie la delegation parentale qu'elle souhaitait et que cette delegation parentale est non pas antinomique mais belle et bien possible en cas d'adoption simple. On peut alors se demander si dans un couple homosexuel, l'adoption simple des enfants par le partenaire de la mere, la privant ainsi de ses droits d'autorite parentale, est-elle possible? La cour de cassation rejette le pourvoi dans la mesure ou la mere biologique perdrait tout autorite sur ses enfants en cas d'adoption par sa partenaire. Elle considere egalement que cette situation est contraire a l'interet des enfants etant donne que la mere biologique entend continuer a elever ses enfants. La cour de cassation estime que la delegation ou le partage de l'autorite parentale est, a l'egard d'une adoption simple, antinomique et contradictoire, l'adoption d'un enfant mineur ayant pour but de conferer l'autorite parentale au seul adoptant. I) L'interet de l'enfant: la condition principale a l'adoption simple A) La volonte du legislateurquand a l'adoption: en desaccord avec la volonte de la mere La cour de cassation dans un arret du 13 decembre 1989 defini l'adoption simple comme ayant pour but de donner une famille a un enfant qui en est depourvu. Le probleme que nous pouvons admettre dans la demarche de la mere biologique c'est que d'un cote elle souhaite que ses enfants soient adopte par sa compagne mais de l'autre cote elle aspire toujours assurer une communaute de vie avec ses descendants. On constate donc une contradiction entre la volonte de cette femme et ce que le legislateur a voulu pour l'adoption simple. En effet dans une adoption simple, l'enfant est pris en charge par une autre famille que la sienne, de ce faite la famille naturelle doit s'effacer afin de laisser place a la nouvelle. Le probleme c'est qu'ici la mere naturelle des enfants va a l'encontre de ce que la loi prevoit dans la mesure ou elle aspire a vivre avec les futurs adoptes, a les elever et meme a exercer une autorite parentale sur ces derniers. On comprend alors que cette demarche a pour but d'a jouter un lien de filiation supplementaire a un tiers sans pour autant modifier les rapports familiaux initiaux. C'est en ce sens que le rejet du pourvoi de la demanderesse est justifie dans la mesure ou elle entre en contradiction avec la loi. De plus, la cour de cassation s'oppose a cette adoption et donc a la creation de ce double lien de filiation, car le moyen pour y arriver est contraire a la vocation premiere de l'adoption. Enfin la demande est rejetee etant donne que la concentration de l'autorite parentale entre les mains de l'adoptante apparait contraire a l'interet de l'enfant. B) L'adoption simple et la privation des droits de l'autorite parentale pour la mere biologique: la negation de l'interet de l'enfant Bien que la demanderesse ait emie l'idee que cette adoption simple permettrait la creation d'un lien entre les enfants et sa partenaire, les juges du fond on surtout fait valoir le probleme qui en decoule c'est a dire que seul l'adoptant beneficie de tous les droits de l'autorite parentale a l'egard des adoptes. A l'inverse du mariage, aucun partage d'autorite parentale n'est prevu entre deux concubins pacses. Si la demande des partenaires etait acceptee, la mere biologique des enfants, se trouverait alors prive de l'exercice parental sur ces derniers, elle

How to plan successful events and meetings -The JobNetwork

How to plan successful events and meetings -The JobNetwork Whether you’re an admin or an engineer, there are some skills that will come in handy no matter what. Being able to organize events and meetings effectively is one of those skills- good organizational skills and tools will help you in virtually any field. If you’re in an administrative role and need to take the lead on planning a meeting or event but don’t know where to start- we’ve got you covered! Let’s look at the basics you’ll need.Pre-organize your meeting or event.Before you get started, make sure you understand everything you’ll need to have in place. Take notes so you remember all the elements. (Nothing fancy- this is for your own reference.)For meetings, that means making sure you know†¦What’s the topic?What’s the goal (desired outcome) of the meeting?Who needs to be there?Is it happening in your office, or somewhere else?Will people outside of your company be attending?Should you arrange for food or drinks to be available (like coffee, breakfast foods, sandwiches)?What kind of tech or tools will the attendees need (like access to presentation software, a projector screen, a white board, etc.)?For events like conferences or parties, that means making sure you know†¦Who should be attending?Do speakers’ schedules need to be coordinated?Is there a tentative schedule for the event, or will you need to figure out the timing?Does a location or facility need to be booked? If so, how many rooms are necessary?Will people be traveling to attend this event?Will attendees need to have any travel arrangements made?Is there a social component (lunch, dinner, drinks)?What are the catering needs?What kind of technology will presenters and attendees need?Does the event require programs, handouts, or anything else that needs to be designed or printed?If you’re being asked to organize the event, make sure you have all of the details from your boss or whomever is requesting the event. D on’t be shy about asking questions- you don’t want to miss something, and have to scramble later.Choose an organizational tool for your event.Ask yourself: how do you best stay organized? Do you function best when you have information physically in front of you? Or do you function best when you have all the information you need at your fingertips on your phone or tablet? The great thing is that you can go as technological as you want here- there are a number of helpful business event planning apps out there, like Sched or Planning Pod.Create specific folders on your computer, so you can store any documents, emails, and notes. If you prefer a more old-school method, try using a binder, which you can divide into relevant sections:Vendor informationSchedulesReceipts and invoicesAttendee informationOrganizational planners with calendars (like the kind you get at your local office supply store) can also be helpful, especially if you have a long lead time and specific deadli nes you need to meet along the way. The most important thing is to pick a method that works best for you and  stick with it.Set a timeline for your event planning.Before you move ahead with inviting people or booking a space for your meeting or event, sit down and plan a timeline.When is the event taking place?What milestones will you need to hit before then?How much time will each of those steps take?Once you know your own planning schedule, set reminders along the way to make sure you’re checking everything off from your to-do list. Again, whatever format works best for you is good. You can build reminders in via your work email platform (like Outlook or Gmail) or set them on your phone or tablet. The most important part is that the reminders aren’t easily missed or ignored.Master your meeting plan.If you’re planning more of an everyday meeting, many of these principles still apply. Being organized is the key; even if it’s a budget summit with five pe ople or a basic sales meeting, you want it to run just as smoothly as if you’re planning a conference. The timeline for meeting setup is likely more condensed; you or your boss may need to set up a meeting in the near future, so your timeline is even more important, even if you have fewer to-dos.Get your meeting on everyone’s calendar.One of the first things you should do for your meeting (after answering the questions outlined earlier) is make sure that everyone who needs to be there is available. Juggling multiple calendars can be tricky, especially if your company doesn’t have a synced calendar system (like Outlook) where you can see if another employee is booked during a particular time, or if you’re including people from outside of your company. One way to get the ball rolling is to send out an email to the necessary attendees, offer them blocks of time for potential meeting slots, and let them weigh in on what works best. For example:Hi all,  Iâ⠂¬â„¢m setting up a one-hour meeting to talk about the year-end results, and wanted to confirm what time works best for the group. Can you please let me know if any of the times below do not work for you?  Monday 12/1, between 2:00 and 4:00Wednesday, 12/3, between 10:00 and 11:30Thursday, 12/4, between 9:30 and 11:30Thanks!Ideally, everyone in the group can make one (or more) of the times you give them. If they can’t, well, then you have to start playing a bit of meeting Jenga, finding a time that works for the most people (while making sure that you’re not excluding someone who absolutely needs to be there). But at least you have a starting point for everyone’s availability.Set your meeting agenda.One of the biggest meeting pet peeves is that the meetings aren’t focused enough or don’t have a set agenda of discussion points, and waste time on things that might not be necessary. The best way to counteract this is to send a detailed agenda ahead o f time, making sure that everyone involved knows what will be discussed. That way, Bill can prepare his notes on the project status and Susan can be ready to talk about her recent trip to corporate headquarters to talk about quarterly earnings. If you’re running the meeting yourself, the agenda gives you a ready outline to keep things moving. And if you’re not the one running the meeting but are organizing on someone else’s behalf, you can ask him or her for the agenda points they’d like to discuss. That not only helps keep you on track for organizing everything well, but also helps your boss prepare as well. It also gives you a ready-made template for notes after the meeting because then you can just add bullet points and next stepsWhen you send out the agenda, be clear about the expectations of the meeting. Is it just an informational meeting? Will there be a presentation? Are participants expected to brainstorm? If everyone knows what’s expected of them, then it will be a more productive meeting (and if someone isn’t prepared after you did all this advance work, that’s not on you as the organizer!).Be ready to follow up on your meeting.This is especially important if you’re running the meeting yourself. Make sure you take notes during the meeting, keeping track of the main points, conclusions, or action items that people will need to do next. Afterward, send out those notes to the group. I find that these notes don’t need to be super-detailed- an outline with bullet points and clearly identified sections is usually welcome. People tend to skim or glaze over large chunks of narrative text and may miss some crucial information. If there are any next steps that are required from any meeting attendees, make sure those are presented clearly so that everyone understands what’s expected of them.If you’re organizing the meeting for a boss or someone else and you won’t be attending t he meeting yourself, be sure to ask if that person wants you to send out any notes or follow-up correspondence to the group. And if a follow-up meeting is necessary, restart this whole process as soon as possible so that it’s still fresh in everyone’s mind.Organizational skills are a resume winner for just about every field. And if you’re going into an administrative job, being able to wrangle every kind of event- from small meetings to big to-dos- will make you extremely valuable. These are skills everyone can develop with a bit of practice, diligence, and help from organizational tools that can save you from your own human forgetfulness. Before long, you’ll be impressing your bosses with how smoothly your events go and earning much deserved credit for getting and keeping everything organized and running well.

Reichheld; the one writer you need to know Outline

Reichheld; the one writer you need to know - Outline Example In that regard, the researcher intends to identify whether the works of Reichheld bear meaning or they are simply works of a marketer. This paper would contain an assessment of one of Reichheld’s articles in regards to a study he conducted, and relate this to academic literature relevant to marketing. The Bain and Companys loyalty practice is founded by Fred Reichheld. The loyalty practice is designed to assist firms in attaining their organizational objectives and producing sustainable outcomes which can be achieved through an enhanced consumer and employee loyalty. Reichheld joined the company in 1978, whose duties encompass leadership activities, mainly concerning the context of Vompensation and Nominating and Management committees across the globe. He eventually became the first Bain fellow of the company in 1999. Being a Bain fellowed allowed him to delve into research and writing while being employed in the firm. In line with Reichhelds work, he was able to associate the connection between loyalty and profit through studying retention on the end of the customers and employees (Reichheld, 2011). He is also known as the author of bestselling books with the Harvard Business Review Press, which are as follows: (1) The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value; (2) Loyalty Rules! How Todays Leaders Build Lasting Relationships; and (3) The Ultimate Question. Some of his works include the NetPromoter framework, which was introduced in his book "The Ultimate Question". The NetPromoter framework has been utilized by various large corporations, which includes General Electric, Apple and American Express, to name a few. Apart from being an author, Reichheld is also a renowned speaker among various major business forums. In fact, Reichheld has been awarded as one of the 25 most influential consultants by the Consulting magazine in the survey they have processed in

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A REPORT ON RELEVANT ASPECTS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ON A PROPOSED RESTAURANT AT NOSTOVIA AIRPORT - Essay Example 3). Hence, supply chain management is the strategic, systemic coordination of the traditional business functions alongside the tactics across these business functions for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies as well as the supply chain as a whole (Hugos 2006, p. 3). Supply chain involves the networks of companies working together and coordinating their actions in order to deliver a product to a market. It acknowledges and applies traditional logistics and includes activities such as new product development, marketing, finance, and customer service. Supply chain management views the supply chain in an organisation as a single entity, and brings the system approach in managing the diverse activities needed to coordinate the flow of services and products in order to serve the customers (Hugos 2006, p. 4). The proposed restaurant needs to structure a plan. This refers to all the operations needed in planning and organising the operations. Three operations in this category are demand forecasting, product pricing, and inventory management. As the proposed restaurant needs planning, it also needs sourcing. Source includes the necessary activities in acquiring the inputs to create products or services. Two operations are involved here, particularly (1) procurement and (2) operation, credit, and collection. Procurement is the acquisition of materials and services, while operation, credit, and collection can be literally thought of as the acquisition of cash (Hugos 2006, p. 45). "Making" as a category includes the operations required in developing and building the products and services provided by a supply chain. Operations in this category involve product design, production management, and facility of management (Hugos 2006, p. 45). On the other hand, "Delivering" as a supply chain category encompasses the activities that include receiving customer orders and delivering products to customers. The operations that constitute the core connections between companies in a supply chain are management, product delivery, and return processing (Hugos 2006, p. 45). The illustration below best describes the coordination among Planning, Sourcing, Making, and Delivering (Hugos 2006, p. 45), which will be applied to the proposed restaurant at the New Nostovia Airport: Supplier Strategy Supplier strategy is one aspect of the establishment of the new restaurant business that needs immediate attention. This involves decisions on how suppliers are selected and how relationships with them are developed (Galloway, et al. 2000, p. 46). It is also concerned with how the operation monitors suppliers' performance as well as improvement of these performances. Recommendations in Respect of Perishable Foodstuffs With Short Shelf Life A guaranteed supply of fresh high quality food is crucial to maintain a chain's reputation in the restaurant business (Galloway, et al. 2000, p. 46). The freshness and quality of perishable foodstuffs with short shelf life is affected by the manner they were handled during the harvests,

Primate Society and Human Society Essay Example for Free

Primate Society and Human Society Essay The present paper is intended to discuss the similarities between the social behaviors of baboons and humans according to the book â€Å"Almost Human† by Shirley Strum. The first manifestation of social behavior Shirley Strum noticed is threat signals the animals convey when a newcomer appears (Strum, 1987, p. 24). Furthermore, as the newcomer approaches, juveniles and adult females circle around him and carefully examine him. The animals introduce themselves in an interesting way: â€Å"A female â€Å"presents† to a male when she approaches and turns her bottom toward his face; then the male will generally sniff her to see if she is sexually receptive. Two males can also present to each other with no sexual intention at all, and the same greeting is frequently exchanged by females, juveniles and even babies when they can manage it. † (Strum, 1987, p. 25). In several days upon the arrival of the newcomer, he remains an outcast, yet the other tribe members keep their eyes on each movement he makes. When a female comes closely to a male, the latter narrows his eyes, shakes head and smacks his lips – this physical manifestation is quite common among baboons. However, if the male is not considered â€Å"popular† in the group of animals, the female might simply flee without introducing herself, then male continues grimacing as described above and accompanies the grim with soft grunting. The couple play this game for quite a long time – the female approaches and then quickly distracts and escapes, whereas the male continues to exhibit his â€Å"infatuation†. Such social â€Å"games† are played between men and women in our society. For instance, when a woman presents herself to a man, she smiles and shakes hands with him. They also verbally exchange their introductory information – name, occupation, hobbies. At the same time, the man, who considers marriage or searches for a sex partner, processes the information about the woman’s appearance and . If he is attracted to the woman, he begins to make slight hints and social gestures – e. g. , he might distinguish her amongst his friends and become more sincere, invite her to a theatre, cinema or dinner, give her gifts and flowers and so forth. However, if the woman notices the man has low social position or does not meet her social requirements, she is likely to lose interest in his â€Å"candidacy†. However, if the man persists and manages to present his interest as genuine and stable, the intimate relationship might begin. Human and baboon behaviors in cross-gender relationships are quite similar. Primarily, baboons present themselves to one another in order to learn more about a stranger; similarly, humans introduce themselves both verbally and through smiling, shaking hands. This introductory stage allows gathering the basic information and determining the primary sources of threat in the â€Å"interlocutor† (e. g. , contagious disease, among humans – armor etc). Among humans, smile acts as a sign of the person’s peaceful intentions, as humans are less proficient in the use and understanding of body language. Further, as a female baboon approaches the male and gives him an opportunity to inhale her odor, she shows to him that she is sexually mature and can have intimate contact. Moreover, such close introduction allows the male to examine her appearance, or â€Å"beauty† – this factor is extremely important, given that â€Å"beauty† in primate groups is associated with physical health and fitness. The healthier the female is the stronger progeny she can bear and the fewer problems with bearing and birth she will experience. Similarly, human males assess the female during the first seconds of encounter, in particular, they pay attention to such criteria as age, physical beauty and erudition, as they half-consciously select (not always intentionally) a potential sexual partner or spouse and subconsciously believe younger (to reasonable degree, but generally younger in comparison to the male), smarter and more gorgeous women are fitter and better prepared for life in this society. Female baboons show their bottoms when they seek to lure a male, perhaps because appropriate building of this body part serves as a proof of the female’s sexual maturity and health. Human females, who wish to look â€Å"attractive†, also demonstrate their bodies, not necessarily naked, but always underlined by stylish clothes, make-up and accessories. After evaluating the female and determining whether she fits his criteria of physical development and appearance, the male baboon himself seeks to attract the female by displaying his interest and showing his own fitness and strength. Similarly to the primate society, among humans, there is also a behavioral pattern which consists in male’s responsibility for making the first step towards a stable relationship (e. g. inviting the woman he is infatuated with to a dinner, entertaining her, paying a lot of attention to her personality). If the female baboon realizes that male is outcast, she will continue ignoring him for some time, as the fittest males, whose inheritance will be most favorable to the future progeny in terms of survival, are normally popular in the tribe and have a high degree of authority. Furthermore, popular member of the tribe is more capable of providing for his female when she is consumed by â€Å"childcare†. Like female baboons, women become quite suspicious when meeting social outcasts or men of lower social status, who are potentially less likely to meet the needs of the family after the baby appears. However, in both societies, if the male manages to prove his dependability and keeps attending to the female for a long time, the latter might change her mind and find him eligible. As one can assume, human social behavior in cross-gender relationships is driven largely by instincts exhibited by primates. The factors humans and primates consider when selecting a sexual partner are in many cases the same, as males of both groups first and foremost evaluate physical fitness, whereas females in both baboon and human societies make a more complex analysis and also look at the male’s social position envisioning the necessity of taking care of defenseless and dependent progeny (or children). Both humans and animals are greatly concerned about the physical characteristics of the next generation, which partially backs Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest and the inborn striving for the survival of the species.

Television Advertisement Essay -- Communication, Media

Television can be used to demonstrate the product in action, or to use colour and sound to build an atmosphere around the product, thus enhancing its image (Fahy & Jobber, 2006). The emphasis for this thesis will be television advertisements, because of the many elements of television, sound, colour, sight and motion that aid the presentation of the message. Also the fact that Brassington and Pettitt (2000) argue that television is better for creating an advertisement message with emotional appeals, contributes to our concentration to television advertisements. The degree of television advertisement standardization/adaptation at the international level refers mainly to the manipulation by the manager of the promotional mix elements (Bradley & Sousa, 2005). Supporters of standardization say a trend is sweeping both marketing and advertising – the movement to create products that are manufactured, packaged and promoted the same way around the world, regardless of individual cult ures (Mueller, 1989). According to Bradley & Sousa (2005) higher degree of adaptation is encouraged when the manager perceives great differences, in the economic environment and life styles between the home and foreign country. On the one hand, those who support the global standardization approach argue that a single television advertisement should be used in international markets to reduce total costs and promote a global corporate image. On the other hand, those who support the internationalization school of thought see the need for marketing adaptation to fit the unique dimensions of each local market. (Vrontis, 2003). Countries differ widely in the availability, quality, coverage, audience, and cost of advertising media (Root, 1994). According to Laroche ... ... Paek (2007) observed that domestic brands were more likely than multinational brands to use localized Latin music and lyrics in the Dominican Republic. Visual elements Colour is an essential part of products, logos and advertising, and can be an effective means of creating and sustaining brand and corporate images in customers’ minds. Colours are known to possess emotional and psychological properties. The meanings associated with different colours are important to marketers when developing advertisements, because results have demonstrated that people of different cultures have various preferences for colour. It is important for marketers to understand which colours that people prefer. Consequently, managers must acknowledge that the meanings associated with some colours may be pan-cultural, regional, or unique to a given culture. (Hewett, Madden & Roth, 1999)

Literary Analysis of Tell-Tale Heart

A Doll's House was a controversial play in its time because of Ibsen's bold questioning of society's basic rules and norms. One of the most pressing questions in the play is that of the unequal treatment of women. Ibsen questions Is it right to treat women as inferiors? ‘ Through the relationship between Nora and Helmer, Ibsen presents unequal power sharing in a negative light, trying to provoke the audience into questioning what was accepted as the norm in that period. One of the subtler techniques used is Helmer's language and diction.He uses animal terms to refer to her, such as skylark' and squirrel'. This suggests that Helmer does not love Nora as an equal, and treats her like a pet'. Worse, he calls her his possession', as if she were a thing, not an individual with her own separate identity. This use of patronizing, demeaning terms highlights the social norm of treating women as inferior, and provokes the audience to question the validity of that norm. Moreover, for the larger part of the play, Helmer is portrayed as having the most power in the relationship.He controls all the money, and gives it to Nora as gifts. Nora's statement that she has lived by performing tricks' and by being pretty and charming, makes the audience aware of the demeaning, unethical aspects of inequality, and again questions the validity of this social norm, which, unfortunately, has not been completely eroded even in modern society. Nevertheless, the question of inequality between the sexes is only part of the major question Ibsen poses: Is it right to force people into social roles without giving them the freedom to explore who they are and what they want to be? Ibsen presents this question by first characterizing Nora and Helmer as faithful conformists to social roles and then dramatizing the negative effects of those roles in an effort to provoke audiences of that period to think about their deeply ingrained beliefs. Nora seems to fulfill the role of a dutiful wife and mother. She does not work but stays at home and takes care of her children. Ibsen then reveals that, firstly, she is not really fulfilled, or self-actualized, through this role.The role of wife and mother does not bring out all her potential. He shows this through Nora's fond reminiscence about doing a bit of copying' to pay off her debts: It was almost like being a man'. She finds the experience fun' and gratifying, and does it for a good cause. However, she has to work in secret as her role does not permither to work. The audience is shown the negative effects of confining men and women to stereotypical roles. Ibsen in questioning, through Nora, whether it is right to constrain men and women to certain roles in society.Moreover, Ibsen reveals that forcing individuals into roles because of gender might be an exercise in futility as not everyone is suitable for their roles. Nora, for instance, in not a very good mother. The maids spend more time than her with the children (though it is possible that this is also a social convention), and she plays with them like dolls'. Helmer, too, is a victim of society's expectations. He tells Nora that he loves her so much he wishes that she were in danger so that he could risk everything' for her sake.He sees himself as bold and strong, doubtless part of his identity he has received from social conditioning. However, when Nora is really in danger from Krogstad's blackmailing, Helmer's reaction shows the audience that he is a coward and cares only for himself when there is danger. He is unable to fulfill the role expected of him. This not only shatters the perfect model husband stereotype, but also leads the audience to question whether it is right to force such unjust expectations onto individuals without giving them freedom to grow by themselves.Finally, this leads us to the most important question Ibsen presents: Should individuals not be free to create their own identity, uninfluenced by society? ‘ We have seen t he negative effects of Nora being forced into the role of wife and mother. She feels suppressed as can be seen through her comments that she would simply love to say Damn' in front of Helmer (in that period, the word damn' was seen as extremely rude and vulgar). She enjoys working, but cannot because her role does not allow her to.The question presented here is that would it not be better if society did not determine roles based on gender and let individuals decide by themselves what they want to be? Ibsen reveals a common failing of society through Nora's reminiscences of childhood: her father formed his opinions, and Nora just accepted them, never voicing her own. And when she married Helmer, she merely acquired his tastes'. She has had no chance of gaining of more experience of the world and to learn more about herself. All those years, she has been what her father and husband, symbols of society, want her to be.The aforementioned question is presented beautifully in that last co nflict between Helmer and Nora. Helmer says that Nora's sacred duty' is to her husband and children. Nora replies that first and foremost [she is] an individual', and leaves her doll's house' to gain experience and knowledge, and to find out more about herself. The play does not tell us her eventual fate. Such as ending merely presents the audience with questions regarding the validity of deeply ingrained social norms, roles and values, and whether it would be better if individuals, like Nora, used their freedom to find their own way in life.These questions were highly relevant in the period in which A Doll's House was written, and are still significant now. Even in modern society, men and women are still expected to take on certain roles and identities and are persecuted for going against cultural and social norms. And because these questions are presented through the lives of ordinary men and women like us, whom we can identify with and whose situations are not so dissimilar to ou r own, those questions become even more significant to us and the problems we face in our daily lives.

Between Realism and Idealism

A great deal of conflict in the social life of individual people has been brought about by the existence of these concepts raising some questions of importance. Should an individual aim so high to an extent that is impossible to reach or aim average that is achievable?Should the individual assume on optimistic stand or a pessimistic one? Should the individual be good to others or fair to them? The existence of the various branches with regard to these categories proves that idealism or realism is never right with respect to all the branches.The issue of idealism and realism as a debate addresses the issues of whether an individual’s life as well as actions should be good as has been offered by the dogma of the Christians way of life. The issue of whether the individual should possess a caring sense as well as be fair with regard to the daily life is a determinant of whether the individual is living in a realistic or in an idealistic way of life.As for example, the issue of whe ther an individual an individual should drink or not depends on the stand the individual has taken with regard to the two extremes. It is evident that a person can drink and do no evil to the others while another person who does not drink at all may cause harm of significantly high magnitude to the life of others.It is a clear fact that each individual person is potentially capable for being good internally. In a realistic sense however some people are so static with regard to matters of change. As pertains the issue of whether the individual should drink or not, the goodness or the fairness of this will highly depend on the stand that the individual has taken.It is a possibility that one individual drinks and commits no harm to others while another person refraining from the activity may be of great trouble to other people. Furthermore the Christian Bible does not condemn drinking as an activity, but drunkardness as the effect of the activity (Tomuschat 83).As a clear guide as to t he best stand to take in life, a conservative approach to life is the most noble approach whereby the actions of the individual are determined by the need to be fair, obey the rule of justice as well as equality in a real life situation. It is good to make all the people get what is right for them, treating everybody in the same way and judging everybody the actions responsible for the person.The decision by the individual to arrange for a Sunday trip will also depend on the stand that the individual has taken since the trip may exhibit different motives. A trip that is meant for good as well as for the service of others is justified even at the context of the bible (Tomuschat 113).The contrasting belief is for people to live in a life of goodness, mercy as well as equality bearing in mind that every person bears intelligence which is a guide towards the actions taken, all of which are backed by some reason.The capacity for understanding is a clear lead to goodness. A fair treatment to all the people is important sign if the individual underwent a bad life in the childhood or is subjected to unconducive circumstances that fall beyond the control of the individual is a result of poverty wages, there occur a requirement for compensation so that everyone enjoys life in an equal capacity. The negligence of other people is responsible for the actions of others in the light of the considerations of the fallibility of people. Human beings are prone to making mistakes and this is so natural.A good person may be apprehended and aligned in the court of law for having committed a mistake. In the light of this argument, the possession of a Christian wife or otherwise similarly depends on the stand of the individual wife in as far as the two extremes of realism and idealism are concerned. The Christian wife is supposed to be a model for idealism, a stand which if defeated by realism, which bears potent influence to the behavior as well as the action of human, is equivalent with having a wife who is not a Christian (Tomuschat 213).ConclusionIn the consideration of the argument between justice and goodness, non is comparable to what God is in a position to handle which is usually in a perfect way and being neither rebel nor conservative and offering a question less situation as regards the correct balance in existence between the boundaries of justice on one side and grace on the other.In the case of the human being, who posses the characteristics of inferiority with respect to several aspects they can only grasp these concepts independently and one at every opportune time thus facilitating into parties of different orientations. It therefore important for an individual to lead a life of self awareness, that is instrumental towards the discovery of the stand of the individual with respect to idealism or realism.Work citedChristian, Tomuschat, Between Idealism & Realism. 2nd ed. USA: Oxford UniversityPress, 2004.  

Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia

Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia Nicholas II (May 18, 1868–July 17, 1918) was the last czar of Russia. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father in 1894. Woefully unprepared for such a role, Nicholas II has been characterized as a naà ¯ve and incompetent leader. At a time of enormous social and political change in his country, Nicholas held fast to outdated, autocratic policies and opposed reform of any kind. His inept handling of military matters and insensitivity to the needs of his people helped to fuel the 1917 Russian Revolution. Forced to abdicate in 1917, Nicholas went into exile with his wife and five children. After living more than a year under house arrest, the entire family was brutally executed in July 1918 by Bolshevik soldiers. Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled Russia for 300 years. Fast Facts: Czar Nicholas II Known For: Last Czar of Russia; executed during the Russian revolutionBorn: May 18, 1868 in Tsarskoye Selo, RussiaParents: Alexander III and Marie FeodorovnaDied: July 17, 1918 in Ekaterinburg, RussiaEducation: TutoredSpouse: Princess Alix of Hesse (Empress Alexandra Feodorovna)Children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and AlexeiNotable Quote: â€Å"I am not yet ready to be Tsar. I know nothing of the business of ruling.† Early Life Nicholas II, born in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, Russia, was the first child of Alexander III and Marie Feodorovna (formerly Princess Dagmar of Denmark). Between 1869 and 1882, the royal couple had three more sons and two daughters. The second child, a boy, died in infancy. Nicholas and his siblings were closely related to other European royalty, including first cousins George V (future king of England) and Wilhelm II, the last Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany. In 1881, Nicholas’ father, Alexander III, became czar (emperor) of Russia after his father, Alexander II, was killed by an assassins bomb. Nicholas, at age 12, witnessed his grandfathers death when the czar, horribly maimed, was carried back to the palace. Upon his fathers ascension to the throne, Nicholas became the Tsarevich (heir-apparent to the throne). Despite being raised in a palace, Nicholas and his siblings grew up in a strict, austere environment and enjoyed few luxuries. Alexander III lived simply, dressing as a peasant while at home and making his own coffee each morning. The children slept on cots and washed in cold water. Overall, however, Nicholas experienced a happy upbringing in the Romanov household. The Young Tsarevich Educated by several tutors, Nicholas studied languages, history, and the sciences, as well as horsemanship, shooting, and even dancing. What he was not schooled in, unfortunately for Russia, was how to function as a monarch. Czar Alexander III, healthy and robust at 6-foot-4, planned to rule for decades. He assumed there would be plenty of time to instruct Nicholas in how to run the empire. At the age of 19, Nicholas joined an exclusive regiment of the Russian Army and also served in the horse artillery. The Tsarevich didnt participate in any serious military activities; these commissions were more akin to a finishing school for the upper class. Nicholas enjoyed his carefree lifestyle, taking advantage of the freedom to attend parties and balls with few responsibilities to weigh him down. Prompted by his parents, Nicholas embarked upon a royal grand tour, accompanied by his brother George. Departing Russia in 1890 and traveling by steamship and train, they visited the Middle East, India, China, and Japan. While visiting Japan, Nicholas survived an assassination attempt in 1891 when a Japanese man lunged at him, swinging a sword at his head. The attackers motive was never determined. Although Nicholas suffered only a minor head wound, his concerned father ordered Nicholas home immediately. Betrothal to Alix and the Death of the Czar Nicholas first met Princess Alix of Hesse (daughter of a German Duke and Queen Victorias second daughter Alice) in 1884 at the wedding of his uncle to Alixs sister Elizabeth. Nicholas was 16 and Alix 12. They met again on several occasions over the years, and Nicholas was adequately impressed to write in his diary that he dreamed of one day marrying Alix. When Nicholas was in his mid-20s and expected to seek a suitable wife from the nobility, he ended his relationship with a Russian ballerina and began to pursue Alix. Nicholas proposed to Alix in April 1894, but she didnt immediately accept. A devout Lutheran, Alix was hesitant at first because marriage to a future czar meant that she must convert to the Russian Orthodox religion. After a day of contemplation and discussion with family members, she agreed to marry Nicholas. The couple soon became quite smitten with one another and looked forward to getting married the following year. Theirs would be a marriage of genuine love. Unfortunately, things changed drastically for the happy couple within months of their engagement. In September 1894, Czar Alexander became gravely ill with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidney). Despite a steady stream of doctors and priests who visited him, the czar died on November 1, 1894, at the age of 49. Twenty-six-year-old Nicholas reeled from both the grief of losing his father and the tremendous responsibility now placed upon his shoulders. Czar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Nicholas, as the new czar, struggled to keep up with his duties, which began with planning his fathers funeral. Inexperienced in planning such a grand-scale event, Nicholas received criticism on many fronts for the numerous details that were left undone. On November 26, 1894, just 25 days after Czar Alexander’s death, the period of mourning was interrupted for a day so that Nicholas and Alix could marry. Princess Alix of Hesse, newly converted to Russian Orthodoxy, became Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The couple returned immediately to the palace after the ceremony as a wedding reception was deemed inappropriate during the mourning period. The royal couple moved into the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo just outside of St. Petersburg and within a few months learned they were expecting their first child. (Daughter Olga was born in November 1895. She was followed by three more daughters: Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia. The long-anticipated male heir, Alexei, was finally born in 1904.) In May 1896, a year and a half after Czar Alexander died, Czar Nicholas’ long-awaited, lavish coronation ceremony finally took place. Unfortunately, a horrific incident occurred during one of the many public celebrations held in Nicholas’ honor. A stampede on the Khodynka Field in Moscow resulted in more than 1,400 deaths. Incredibly, Nicholas did not cancel the ensuing coronation balls and parties. The Russian people were appalled at Nicholas handling of the incident, which made it appear that he cared little about his people. By any account, Nicholas II had not begun his reign on a favorable note. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Nicholas, like many past and future Russian leaders, wanted to expand his country’s territory. Looking to the Far East, Nicholas saw potential in Port Arthur, a strategic warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean in southern Manchuria (northeastern China). By 1903, Russia’s occupation of Port Arthur angered the Japanese, who had themselves recently been pressured to relinquish the area. When Russia built its Trans-Siberian Railroad through part of Manchuria, the Japanese were further provoked. Twice, Japan sent diplomats to Russia to negotiate the dispute; however, each time, they were sent home without being granted an audience with the czar, who viewed them with contempt. By February 1904, the Japanese had run out of patience. A Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack on Russian warships at Port Arthur, sinking two of the ships and blockading the harbor. Well-prepared Japanese troops also swarmed the Russian infantry at various points on land. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat after another, both on land and sea. Nicholas, who had never thought the Japanese would start a war, was forced to surrender to Japan in September 1905. Nicholas II became the first czar to lose a war to an Asian nation. An estimated 80,000 Russian soldiers lost their lives in a war that had revealed the czars utter ineptitude at diplomacy and military affairs. Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905 By the winter of 1904, dissatisfaction among the working class in Russia had escalated to the point that numerous strikes were staged in St. Petersburg. Workers, who had hoped for a better future living in cities, instead faced long hours, poor wages, and inadequate housing. Many families went hungry on a regular basis, and housing shortages were so severe that some laborers slept in shifts, sharing a bed with several others. On January 22, 1905, tens of thousands of workers came together for a peaceful march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Organized by radical priest Georgy Gapon, protesters were forbidden to bring weapons; instead, they carried religious icons and pictures of the royal family. Participants also brought with them a petition to present to the czar, stating their list of grievances and seeking his help. Although the czar was not at the palace to receive the petition (he had been advised to stay away), thousands of soldiers awaited the crowd. Having been informed incorrectly that the protesters were there to harm the czar and destroy the palace, the soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding hundreds. The czar himself did not order the shootings, but he was held responsible. The unprovoked massacre, called Bloody Sunday, became the catalyst for further strikes and uprisings against the government, called the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a massive general strike had brought much of Russia to a halt in October 1905, Nicholas was finally forced to respond to the protests. On October 30, 1905, the czar reluctantly issued the October Manifesto, which created a constitutional monarchy and an elected legislature, known as the Duma. Ever the autocrat, Nicholas made sure the powers of the Duma remained limited- nearly half of the budget was exempted from their approval, and they were not allowed to participate in foreign policy decisions. The czar also retained full veto power. The creation of the Duma appeased the Russian people in the short run, but Nicholas’ further blunders hardened his people’s hearts against him. Alexandra and Rasputin The royal family rejoiced at the birth of a male heir in 1904. Young Alexei seemed healthy at birth, but within a week, as the infant bled uncontrollably from his navel, it was clear that something was seriously wrong. Doctors diagnosed him with hemophilia, an incurable, inherited disease in which the blood will not clot properly. Even a seemingly minor injury could cause the young Tsesarevich  to bleed to death. His horrified parents kept the diagnosis a secret from all but the most immediate family. Empress Alexandra, fiercely protective of her son- and his secret- isolated herself from the outside world. Desperate to find help for her son, she sought the help of various medical quacks and holy men. One such holy man, self-proclaimed faith healer Grigori Rasputin, first met the royal couple in 1905 and became a close, trusted advisor to the empress. Although rough in manner and unkempt in appearance, Rasputin gained the Empress trust with his uncanny ability to stop Alexeis bleeding during even the severest of episodes, merely by sitting and praying with him. Gradually, Rasputin became the empress closest confidante, able to exert influence upon her regarding affairs of state. Alexandra, in turn, influenced her husband on matters of great importance based upon Rasputins advice. The Empress relationship with Rasputin was baffling to outsiders, who had no idea that the Tsarevich  was ill. World War I and the Murder of Rasputin The June 1914  assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand  in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that culminated in  World War I. The fact that the assassin was a Serbian national led Austria to declare war on Serbia. Nicholas, with the backing of France, felt compelled to protect Serbia, a fellow Slavic nation. His mobilization of the Russian army in August 1914 helped to propel the conflict into a full-scale war, drawing Germany into the fray as an ally of Austria-Hungary. In 1915, Nicholas made the calamitous decision to take personal command of the Russian army. Under the czars poor military leadership, the ill-prepared Russian army was no match for the German infantry. While Nicholas was away at war, he deputized his wife to oversee affairs of the empire. To the Russian people, however, this was a terrible decision. They viewed the empress as untrustworthy since she had come from Germany, Russia’s enemy in  World War I.  Adding to their mistrust, the Empress relied heavily on the despised Rasputin to help her make policy decisions. Many government officials and family members saw the disastrous effect Rasputin was having on Alexandra and the country and believed he must be removed. Unfortunately, both Alexandra and Nicholas ignored their pleas to dismiss Rasputin. With their grievances unheard, a group of angry conservatives soon took matters into their hands. In a murder scenario that has become legendary, several members of the aristocracy- including a prince, an army officer, and a cousin of Nicholas- succeeded, with some difficulty, in  killing Rasputin  in December 1916. Rasputin survived poisoning and multiple gunshot wounds, then finally succumbed after being bound and thrown into a river. The killers were quickly  identified but were not punished. Many looked upon them as heroes. Unfortunately, the murder of Rasputin was not enough to stem the tide of discontent. The End of a Dynasty The people of Russia had become increasingly angry with the governments indifference to their suffering. Wages had plummeted, inflation had risen, public services had all but ceased, and millions were being killed in a war they didn’t want. In March 1917, 200,000 protesters converged in the capital city of Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) to protest the czars policies. Nicholas ordered the army to subdue the crowd. By this point, however, most of the soldiers were sympathetic to the protesters demands and thus just fired shots into the air or joined the ranks of the protesters. There were still a few commanders loyal to the czar who forced their soldiers to shoot into the crowd, killing several people. Not to be deterred, the protesters gained control of the city within days, during what came to be known as the February/March  1917 Russian Revolution. With Petrograd in the hands of revolutionaries, Nicholas had no choice but to abdicate the throne. Believing that he could somehow still save the dynasty, Nicholas II signed the abdication statement on March 15, 1917, making his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail, the new czar. The grand duke wisely declined the title, bringing the 304-year-old Romanov dynasty to an end. The provisional government allowed the royal family to stay in the palace at Tsarskoye Selo under guard while officials debated their fate. Exile of the Romanovs When the provisional government became increasingly threatened by the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1917, worried government officials decided to secretly move Nicholas and his family to safety in western Siberia. However, when the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (led by  Vladimir Lenin) during the October/November 1917 Russian Revolution, Nicholas and his family came under the control  of the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks relocated the Romanovs to  Ekaterinburg  in the Ural Mountains in April 1918, ostensibly to await a public trial. Many opposed the Bolsheviks being in power; thus, a civil war erupted between the Communist Reds and their opponents, the anti-Communist Whites. These two groups fought for control of the country, as well as for custody of the Romanovs. When the White Army began to gain ground in its battle with the Bolsheviks and headed toward  Ekaterinburg  to rescue the imperial family, the Bolsheviks made sure that rescue would never take place. Death Nicholas, his wife, and his five children were all awakened at 2 a.m. on July 17,  1918, and told to prepare for departure. They were gathered into a small room, where  Bolshevik soldiers fired upon them. Nicholas and his wife were killed outright, but the others were not so fortunate. Soldiers used bayonets to carry out the remainder of the executions. The corpses were buried at two separate sites and were burned and covered with acid to prevent them from being identified. In 1991, the remains of nine bodies were excavated at  Ekaterinburg. Subsequent DNA testing confirmed them to be those of Nicholas, Alexandra, three of their daughters, and four of their servants. The second grave, containing the remains of Alexei and his sister Marie, was not discovered until 2007. The Romanov familys remains were reburied at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, the traditional burial place of the Romanovs. Legacy It might be said that the Russian Revolution and the events that followed were, in a sense, the legacy of Nicholas II- a leader who was unable to respond to changing times by considering the needs of his people. Over the years, research into the final fate of the Romanov family has revealed a mystery: while the bodies of the Czar, Czarina, and several children were found, two bodies- those of the Alexei, heir to the throne, and Grand Duchess Anastasia- were missing. This suggests that perhaps, somehow, two of the Romanov children actually survived. Sources Figes, Orlando. From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russias Chaotic Year of Revolution. October 25, 2017. â€Å"Historic Figures: Nicholas II (1868-1918).† BBC News.ï » ¿Keep, John L.H. â€Å"Nicholas II.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 28 Jan. 2019.

Advanced Networking for Context Aware Services

Call of origin:   It is the simplest form of mechanism for finding the approximate position in the RF based system. Angulations: Known as Angle of Arrival (AoA). The determination of the position of the mobile location in this system is done by analyzing the angle of incident of the arriving signal. RSS: It is known as Received Signal Strength. It can be determined by the mobile device or the receiving signal. TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival is a wireless technology that depends on the receiving signal coming from the call towers for determination of the location of the mobile. Trilateration: It is a method of location calculation based on the Wi-Fi service (SpringerReference 2018). The determination of the quadrant of the location is based on the number of access points. All the techniques mentioned above are the indoor positioning of the network. Support, P., Engine, C., & Guides, C. (2018).  Cisco Context-Aware Service Configuration Guide, Release 7.3.101.0 - Chapter 1: Overview [Cisco Mobility Services Engine].  Cisco. Retrieved 30 April 2018, from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/mse/3350/7-3/CAS_Configuration_Guide/Guide/CAS_73/msecg_Overview.html#wp1140425 SpringerReference. (2018). Retrieved 30 April 2018, from https://www.cisco.com/web/offer/emear/38586/images/Presentations/P7.pdf